Formal and Informal Communication - 2242 Words

FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION Theoretical review 1. What is communication? a. Verbal communication b. Non-verbal communication c. Interpersonal communication d. Organizational communication 2. Types of organizational communication:- a. Formal b. Informal 3. Types of formal communication 4. Types of informal communication 5. Advantages and disadvantages of formal communication 6. Advantages and disadvantages of informal communication 7. Conclusion What is communication? Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange information, news, ideas and feelings but also†¦show more content†¦Communication can be further divided in to two that is interpersonal communication and organizational communication. Interpersonal communication is the process by which people exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages: it is face-to-face communication. Interpersonal communication is not just about what is actually said, the language used but how it is said and the non-verbal messages sent through tone of voice, facial expressions, gestures and body language. Organizational communication is the communication that happens within organizations. That is, all the communication activity you’ll see if you go to any organization today: sending emails, writing memos, talking on the phone, having meetings, teleconferencing, video conferencing, speeches, presentat ions, and so on. Types of organizational communication Organizational communication can be divided into two that is: 1. Formal communication 2. Informal communication Formal communication occurs when a person in the organization communicates using formal channels of the organization structure along the lines of authority established by the management. Matters under this communication are official and to the point. Things are done using pacific procedures and rules which must be followed. For example in a company if the board of director’s wants toShow MoreRelatedFormal and Informal Communication in an Organization1343 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 3 A) Briefly explain the formal communication channels and spontaneous communication channels? * Communication channels Messages are transmitted through channels of communication channels as discussed. * Formal communication channels, follows the chain of command and is recognized as official. One way to view formal communication within organizations. * Vertical communication is the flow of information both up and down the chain of command. It involves an exchange ofRead MoreDifference between formal and informal communication2611 Words   |  11 PagesThis research compares formal and informal organizational communication structures, specifically focusir^ on salience, channel factors, and channel usage. The major hypotheses of this research were partially supported with data collected from a large, technically oriented governmental agency (n = 380). Differences Between Fbrmal and Informal Conuniinication Channels J. David Johnson William A. Donohue Charles K. Atkin Mtchtgan State Untverslty Sally Johnson Lansing Community College Read MoreFormal And Informal Modes Of Organizational Communication Essay1792 Words   |  8 PagesASIGNMENT Part 1 Q1 Theoretical underpinnings of formal and informal modes of organizational communication (LO 1 †¢ Outline the basic concept of Formal and informal modes of organizational communication.(14 marks) FORMAL COMMUNICATION:- A sort of verbal presentation or record proposed to impart data and which complies with secure proficient rulsandared and process and abstain from utilizing slang phrasing. The principle kind of formal correspondence inside a business are1.Downward where data movesRead MoreFormal And Informal Modes Of Organizational Communication Essay1919 Words   |  8 Pages ASSIGNMENT-1 Q1) Theoretical underpinnings of formal and informal modes of organizational communication. a) Formal and informal modes of communication are explained below Formal modes of organizational communication are of four types they are: 1) Upward 2) Downward 3) Horizontal 4) Diagonal 1) Upward Communication: Upward communication is the process of flowing information from lower levels to higher levels in an organization. ItRead MoreWhat Is Important About Literacy?967 Words   |  4 Pageson a different form. It is no longer just writing formal in letters and communicating over the telephone from a call. In this day and age literacy must be formal and informal. The cell phone is arguably the biggest factor in this change. Texting has made sending messages as easy as pressing a button. People no longer try to be proper due to how quick they can exchange messages. Even the business world is changing from the more formal communication to a more rapid quick and fast paced work. ManagersRead MoreFormal Communication1208 Words   |  5 PagesFormal Communication Formal communication can be considered as communication efforts that are â€Å"dressed up† to fit customary rules and ceremony For example, in a written letter, the formal communication style will demand that the layout of the piece of written communication follow a specific format that includes the date, header, salutation, body of the letter, close, signature lines and any indicators of enclosures all placed neatly upon company letterhead or personal stationery. By contrast, anRead MoreText For Thought : Employee Communications1701 Words   |  7 PagesEMPLOYEE COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 – INTRODUCTION †¢ Changes in Communication Policy SECTION 2 – HOW TO DETERMINE YOUR AUDIENCE †¢ How to Assess an Audience SECTION 3 - FORMAL INFORMAL COMMUNICATION †¢ Basic Guidelines SECTION 4 – WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS (Internal External) †¢ Email Guidelines SECTION 5 – TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE LISTENING AND FEEDBACK †¢ Explanation of listening and feedback process SECTION 6 – INTERPRETING NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION †¢ ExplanationRead MoreCommunication Channels1103 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication channels A large number of cases point out that using communication channels properly would greatly improve the organization in some aspects. Without understanding communication channels, on the opposite, would have bad effects on the organization. It is not exaggerate to say that communication channels play a significant role in management and good managers will never miss them. In this essay, I will generally talk about three different communication channels which are formal channelRead MoreCommunication Is The Most Important Aspect Of Being A Leader / Manager822 Words   |  4 Pagesleaders/managers is communication, yet it is the most important aspect of being a leader/manager. Communication builds trust and trust is a powerful force that builds loyalty, increases credibility and supports effective communications. It gives you the benefit of the doubt in situations where you want to be heard, understood and believed. For instance, developing a new policy or changing a current policy, com munication is vital for all physicians and employees to know, apply, educate, and inforce. Formal and informalRead MoreEssay on Communication1632 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication In organisation the employees communicate in different ways, every single day. They have talk in meetings, have group discussions and negotiate over the telephone, they write memos, emails, draft letters, reports, and sending faxes in emergencies. The organisation gives out the advertisement in TV, posters, in store advert and many more count as communication, Communication is most important base for develop the business, the communication with other department give the

Behavioral Therapy ( Bt ) And Cognitive Therapy - 1903 Words

Behavioral Therapy (BT) and Cognitive Therapy (CT) are two of the most common therapies used my psychologists/therapists today. In this paper I will be discussing how BT and CT approach the many aspects of the therapeutic process, including, but not limited to, the focus of the therapy and how the therapist approaches a client’s problems. As a conclusion, I will be comparing the overall beliefs and practices of cognitive and behavioral therapies. What is Behavioral Therapy? Before I dive into what scholars say about BT, I will look into what Behavioral Therapy is at a basic level. â€Å"Behavioral therapy practitioners focus on directly observable behavior, current determinants of behavior, learning experiences that promote change, tailoring treatment strategies to individual clients, and rigorous assessment and evaluation† (Corey, 2013, p. 227). There is strong evidence for the effectiveness of behavioral therapy as it has been able to treat a wide range of psychological disorders since its origin in the 1950s and early 1960s. The general practice of behavior therapy is one of the most common therapies used among therapists today, but, â€Å"it is difficult to find a consensus on the definition of behavior therapy because the field has grown, become more complex, and is marked by a diversity of views† (Corey, 2013). The general ideas and practices of behavior therapy have stood the test of time and many therap ists have expanded on the original individual behavioral approach toShow MoreRelatedCognitive Behavioral Therapy And Its Effects On Insomnia Symptoms And Impairment832 Words   |  4 Pagesexcessive thinking or stress mediates both insomnia symptoms and impairment, but therapy targeting dysfunctional beliefs about sleep has shown effectiveness for improvement. The main insomnia therapies targeting dysfunctional beliefs are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), cognitive therapy (CT), and behavioral therapy (BT). CBT includes CT, which focuses on identifying and altering beliefs, and behavioral therapy (BT), which focuses on sleep restriction and maintenance of consistent sleep.12 BothRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1990 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a branch of psychotherapy that encompasses several approaches; falling under the heading of CBT. CBT is based on the premise that people s emotional responses and behavior are strongly influence d by cognitions; the fundamental principle being: different cognitions give rise to different emotions and behaviors. CBT was developed out of a combination of both behavior and cognitive principles. CBT is the most empirically supported therapy model and is used toRead MoreThe Identification and Treatment of OCD Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesJust as these theorized causes and risk factors vary, so do the offered treatments and their effectiveness. Behavioral, cognitive-behavioral and drug therapies have all been proven to produce positive results. Each patient would, of course, need to be evaluated individually but the most effective treatment for any case would likely be a combination of therapies. In Behavior therapy (BT), educating individuals can change behavior and mitigate feelings of anxiety. This is accomplished with classicalRead MoreAlbert Banduras Theory Of Social Learning Theory1461 Words   |  6 Pagesis considered the developer of social learning theory, which is also known as social cognitive theory (Corey, 2013; Feist et al., 2013; Thoma et al., 2015). Badura’s theory, while based upon the principles of behaviorism, departs from the traditional behavioral model and leaves room for the exploration of unobservable mental states and their influence on behavior (Corey, 2013; Thoma et al., 2015). Social Cognitive theory bases its theory of learning on two types of learning processes: observationalRead MoreUse Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Treatment Of Ana1204 Words   |  5 Pagesshowing signs of being depressed and anxious, she has agreed to eight sessions for treatment. Using this background information in this paper will cover the use of Cogniti ve Behavioral Therapy and the treatment of Ana. What concepts of the theory make it the most appropriate for the client in the case study? Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) may assist Ana in a few different ways. 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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a mixture of both Cognitive Therapy (CT), which deals with a person’s thoughts and Behavioral Therapy (BT), which concentrates on an individual’s overt or outside personality. According to Barbara P. Early and Melissa D. Grady, CT specializes in theRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1700 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is a school of psychotherapy that intends to assist individuals with conquering their emotional issues. A focal idea in CBT is that you feel the way you think. Therefore, CBT focuses on the fact that you can live all the more cheerfully and effectively in you begin thinking with a better mindset. CBT urges you to comprehend that you re thought process or beliefs lie between the occasion and your definitive sentiments and activities. 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These two styles of therapies have the same goal in mind and that is to change the lives of their clients and build a relationship of honesty, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard to their problems in their lives. The father of cognitive behavioral therapy is Aaron Beck. He originally

Asian Social Science Free Essays

string(157) " support from family members and the community by large towards former addicts highly promote the relapsed addiction tendency after treatment \(Brown et al\." It has been noted that many drug addicts relapse to drug use after discharged from successful treatment and rehabilitation programs. Thus it is imperative and timely to address the issues that prompt relapsed addiction. 400 drug addicts on relapse cases were selected from eight drug rehabilitation centres throughout Peninsular Malaysia to examine factors influences the relapsed addiction to drug use. We will write a custom essay sample on Asian Social Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consistent with previous research, self-efficacy, family support, community support and employers support were identified as main factors that influenced the relapsed addictions tendency amongst addicts. Suggestions to curb relapsed addiction to drugs were discussed in relation to the findings. Keywords: Relapse, Addiction, Drug, Malaysia 1. Introduction The close geographical propinquity to Myanmar, Laos and Thailand (Golden Triangle) and other Southeast Asian countries that produces illicit drugs has intensify drug use in Malaysia. The illicit drug use been well thought-out as major social intimidation in Malaysia. The government, on February 19, 1983, declared drug as national disaster and endeavor with stringent law enforcement together with rehabilitation programs for addicts. Indeed the government through various agencies has put in action strategies to impede drug use, parallel to the mission of attaining a drug-free society by 2015. Nevertheless, even with the country’s stringent enforcement policy, there has been a sizeable ascends in the number of fresh and relapsed drug users (National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA), 2009). NADA entrusted by the Malaysian government to sculpt mechanisms to handle the drug crisis and in particular to trim down relapsed addiction rate. Based on the statistics by NADA (2009), the number of detained drug addicts from January to December 2007 and 2008 were 14,489 and 12,352 respectively. Perhaps, the addiction trend that was recorded by NADA is some sort of a relief to all concern. In 2007, the detained fresh and relapsed addicts were 6,679 and 7,810 respectively. Among the detained drug addicts in 2008, 5,939 (48%) were fresh addicts while 6,413 (52%) were relapsed addicts. Interestingly, in 2008 the statistics revealed a decline of percentages in total number of detained addicts (15%), new addicts (11%) and relapsed addicts (18%) compared to the reported statistics in 2007. Nevertheless, careful observation on the statistics revealed an increase in the number of detained relapsed addicts compared to new drug addicts between 2008 and 2007. Generally, it is well understood that the number of drug addicts should reduce dramatically upon successful completion of treatments or rehabilitation program. However, the reported data explicates that most of the drug addicts failed to sustain the free of drug lifestyle after they have been discharged from rehabilitation treatment program. Mohamad Hussain and Mustafa (2001) reported that there are evidence of 90% relapsed cases among heroin addicts within six months after been discharged from the Serenti rehabilitation centres. It also had been found that 40% of the addicts pine for heroin after a month of abstinence. Surprisingly, Serenti rehabilitation centers have relapsed inmates who have followed the rehabilitation sessions for more than five times. Moreover, Habil, (2001) contended that more than 70 percent of those attending drug rehabilitation centres would probably relapse. Reid, Kamarulzaman, and Sran (2007) alleged that though some of the programs had been successful, about 70 to 90 per cent of addicts who underwent rehabilitation probably 37 Vol. 5, No. 12 Asian Social Science return to the habit within first year after been discharged if they are compelled and detained at the rehabilitation centres. In any event, the rate of relapse among addicts is of great concern to both governmental and non-governmental bodies. Thus, this research was initiated to examine the factors contributing to relapsed addiction tendency amongst drug addicts in Malaysia. Indeed this study is significant and timely to fight against drug addictions to the root while achieving the nation’s ambition to reach the zero drugs by 2015. . Factors Contributing to Relapse among Drug Addicts Relapse is a formidable challenge in the treatment of all behavior disorders (Witkiewitz Marlatt, 2004). Several authors have described relapse as complex, dynamic and unpredictable (Buhringer, 2000; Donovan, 1996; Marlatt, 1996). Whereas according to Mahmood (1996), relapsed addiction means, usage, intake or misuse of psychoactive substances after one had received drug addi ction treatment and rehabilitation, physically and psychologically. To Rasmussen (2000), relapse occurred because of the building up of additional crisis such as to look trivially on certain problem, stress, weak or failed forecast, the pessimistic thinking that all issue cannot be resolved and immature actions. Relapsed addicts also confused and overreact due to the inability to think clearly, unable to manage feelings and emotions, the difficulty to remember things, unable to control their feelings and easily angered. Various studies have examined the effects of psychosocial factors towards relapse among drug and alcohol dependence. Moos (2007) contended that psychological factors are supposition to contribute to relapse among drug addicts after abstinence. Consistently, anxiety has been linked to increased relapse risk among marijuana addicts (Arendt et al. , 2007; White et al. , 2004). Other relapse promoting factor is self-efficacy, defined as a degree to which an individual feels confident and capable performing a certain behavior in a specific situational context (Bandura, 1977). As described in the cognitive-behavioral model of relapse (Marlatt, Bear Quigley, 1995), high levels of self-efficacy are predictive of improved alcoholism treatment outcomes (Brown et al. , 1995; Greenfield et. al. , 2000; Rychtarik, Prue, Rapp King, 1992). The situation is different from the results of research done on 60 alcoholics, which found that individuals who have high self-efficacy after going through rehabilitation treatment, are most unlikely to be addicted again (Allsop, Saunders Phillips, 2000). Chuah (1990), in his research found that drug addicts who have low self-efficacy would be back to addiction after their release from getting treatment and rehabilitation. Other previous studies have also point out that improvement in self-esteem positively lead to success in rehabilitation programs and it assist in curbing drug addictions (Graham et al. , 1997; Mahmood, 1995; Mahmood et al. ,1998; Mahmood et al. , 1999). Attitude and poor knowledge on drug abuse been reported to be contributing factor of relapsed addictions among drug addicts (Abdullah Iran, 1997). Besides, less support from family members and the community by large towards former addicts highly promote the relapsed addiction tendency after treatment (Brown et al. You read "Asian Social Science" in category "Papers" , 1995; Miller et al. ,1999; Miller, 1992; Moos King, 1997). Research by Mohd Taib, Rusli and Mohd Khairi (2000) on family communication patterns amongst addicts’ family and non addicts’ family, showed weak communication patterns and less effective interactions amongst former addicts’ family is one of the high probable factors toward drug addiction. Indeed, family support is much needed to ensure the rehabilitation process success and issues like â€Å"don’t care attitude† and ostracizing former addicts would only failed the rehabilitation process and in the long run caused the former addicts to relapse (Daley Marlatt, 1992). Amongst other factors that have been associated with relapsed addiction are peer pressures especially from the old friends who still use drugs. Mahmood, et al. (1999) found 50% of old friends influenced former addicts to pick up the drug taking habit after they were discharged from rehabilitation centres. The research also showed that 76% of the old friends assist rehabilitated individuals to get the needed supply of drugs. These situations further induced the relapsed addiction amongst former addicts who has been getting rehabilitation treatments. However, the above research is different from findings by Chuah (1990). He found peers support could help former addicts from not getting back to the old habit. He concluded that high emotional and spiritual support will indirectly increase the addicts’ self confidence and decrease the risk towards relapsed addiction. Gregoire and Snively (2001) reported that addicts who have discharged from rehabilitation centres and living in drug-free social environments could be linked with higher abstinence rates and low in relapse of drug use. Mc Coy and Lai (1997), on the other hand, associates inability to get jobs amongst former addicts who were discharged from rehabilitation centres coupled with lack of financial supports, caused the addicts to go back to addictions. Yunos (1995) asserted that employers always took advantage on the former addicts by paying low salaries without aking into consideration their qualifications and experience, causing dissatisfactions amongst the former addicts that eventually caused them to quit their jobs. Yahya Mahmood, (2002), found that the treatment and rehabilitation programs being conducted in any country would faced various challenges. The effectiveness of drug rehabilitation programs also one of the factors, associated with relapsed addictions amongst addicts. This is because some researchers found drug rehabilitation programs conducted on addicts are less effective to jolt them to awake (Mokhtar, 1997, Wellish Prondergast, 1995). Many research found that the traditional treatment and rehabilitation models failed to help in reducing relapse addiction to drug use (Habil, 2001; 38 Asian Social Science December, 2009 Mahmud Mazlan, Schottenfeld Chawarski, 2006; Mohamad Mustafa, 2001; Mahmood, Md Shuaib Che Din and Ismail Ishak, 1998; McLellan, 2002; Nestler, 2002; O’Brien, 2006 ; Reid, 2007). Though, sufficient rehabilitation programs are in place, prevention of relapse to drug will pass its best if physiology and psychology strength of addicts faint in due time. In addition, lack of multiple long term treatment modalities, social intervention and additional pharmacological treatment could abet relapse. Hence, relapse to drug use after extended periods of abstinence remains as most intricate clinical problem and research issue in the treatment of drug addiction (Miller et al. , 1999; O’Brien, 2006; Sinha Li, 2007). Individuals involved in recovery and the treatment of recovering individuals recognize that sustaining a clean and sober life is perhaps significantly more difficult than eliminating the use of the drug. There is a high degree of consensus in the field that relapse is a common element in the recovery process. Nevertheless, examination of factors which contributes to relapse is indispensable to develop successful interventions in curbing future relapse to drug-taking behavior (Donovan, 1996; O’Brien, 2006, Sinha Li, 2007). The present study intended to identify the extent that self-efficacy; support from peers, family, employers, community; and programme effectiveness at drug rehabilitation centres influences the relapsed addiction amongst drug addicts. The findings of this research is advantageous to the government, namely the Home Ministry, NADA, social workers, drug counselors, psychologist and other human services in particular, Malaysia and other regions in general. 3. Method The primary data was obtained through a survey using self-administered questionnaire. Items from established instruments were adopted and modified appropriately to suit the objectives of the study. The instrument consists of five parts. The first part of the questionnaire collected the demographic information of the respondents. Second part consist 42 items developed by Marlatt and Gordon, (1985) to measure the tendencies of relapsed addiction among the addicts. The items specifically measures three dimensions; negative emotion, interpersonal conflict and social pressure. Part 3, 4 and 5 obtained information pertaining to self-efficacy, sosial-environment factors (support form peer, family, employer, and community) and rehabilitation programme effectiveness respectively. Self-efficacy was measured using 15 items developed by Sherer and Maddux (1982) while 5 items from Abdullah and Iran (1991) was employed to measure attitude towards drug abuse. 0 items developed by Procidano and Heller (1983) used to measure peer and family support. 12 items created by the researchers to measure employer and community support. The program effectiveness at drug rehabilitation centres was measured using 26 items developed by Bahaman, et al. (2003). The respondents were asked to respond on a scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4). From the analysis, it was identified that the Cronbach alpha of all constructs exceeds Nunnally’s (1978) recommended threshold value of 0. 7. Thus, the instrument used in this study showed a good level in terms of reliability. The respondents were chosen by systematic sampling procedure. 400 questionnaires were personally distributed to the relapsed addicts who are undergoing treatments and rehabilitations in eight Narcotics Rehabilitation Centres in Peninsular Malaysia. Counselors from the respective centres help to disseminate and collect the survey. High response rate (100%) for this study is due to high degree of cooperation by the respondents and the centres’ counselors. In addition, the drop and pick method utilized in this survey was very effective. The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 15. 4. Findings and Discussion 4. Respondents’ background Majority of the respondents (86%) involved in this research were aged 30 years and above. 80% of them were Malays and Muslims and in terms of marital status, 65% were single. From the data on educational level, 91% of the respondents were holding Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (Malaysian Certificate of Education, equivalent to O’levels). About 47% of them used to work as temporary workers. 4. 2 Factors promoted relapsed addiction amongst drug addicts in Malaysia. Respondents perceptions on all factors contributing to relapsed addiction were categorized as low, moderate and high based on the possible score range. Table 1 shows the summary of the findings. About 97 percent of the respondents indicated moderate to high level of agreement on attitude towards drug abuse. 68 percent of the respondents agreed to moderate level of self-efficacy. In short, the findings showed that respondents received moderate to high level of support from peers (99 percent) and family (96 percent) in their endeavor towards free from drug use. On the other hand respondents reported that they received low to moderate level of support from employers (98 percent) and community (94 percent) on the whole. About 99 percent of the respondents indicated moderate to high level of satisfactory with the rehabilitation programme at the respective centres. Table 2 displays the Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the research variables which indicate the strength of relationship between the seven factors with respect to perceived tendency of relapsed addiction to drug use. Out of seven factors identified to promoting relapsed addiction, only four factors showed significant correlation at the 0. 05 level. The factor with the highest correlation to tendency of relapsed addiction to drug use is self-efficacy (r= . 790, p How to cite Asian Social Science, Papers

Lippmans Public Philosophy Essay Example For Students

Lippmans Public Philosophy Essay Lippmans Public PhilosophyWalter Lippmann begins his The Public Philosophy by expressing his concern for the state of the Western Liberal Democracies. The West, he writes, suffers from a disorder from within. This disorder has its roots in the long peace between 1812 and 1914, and was further exascurbated by the great population increase of that era and the coinciding industrial revolution. The latter changed the nature of armed struggle, which in turn intensified the democratic malady. The situation Lippmann describes is the paralysis of governments, the inability of the state to make difficult and unpopular decisions. This paralysis is the product of both the long peace and the great war. The period extending from Waterloo to 1914 lulled the West into believing that the age of Mans aggression had passed. Because the hard decisions of taxation, prohibition, and war were not often faced in these years, the Jacobin concept of the desirability of weak government was instilled in the West. When the first world war did come about, the West was unable to deal effectively with its costs. The new technologies spawned by the industrial revolution, as well as the greater populations involved, had made war infinitely more costly than in the past. Consequently, the executive aspects of Western governments were forced to democratize the appropriation of men and money by handing their power to the representative assemblies. The assemblies too were forced to cede their power to the People, who channeled them to media powers and party leaders. The result was Disastrous and revolutionary. The democracies became inc apacitated to wage war for rational ends or to make a peace which would be enforced.Lippmann holds that the major malfunction of the West is this acquisition of executive and representative powers by the masses. This is a fundamental distortion of the rights of the governed. Lippmann contends that the People have but two natural rights: to decide whether or not to by governed, and to choose who shall govern them. This breakdown of the constitutional order is the cause of the precipitate and the catastrophic decline of Western society. Why then, cannot a mass govern effectively? Lippmann holds that a large group of people is intrinsically unable to keep up with changing events. More dangerous, says the author, is the ease with which the media can sway public opinion. Because the masses have neither the political experience nor the time required to form informed opinions, they are subject to oversimplified and volatile opinions. This has a severe effect on the kinds of leaders elected in a popular democracy. Because the statesmen in this situation must appease the public opinion, successful politicians %2